{"id":63697,"date":"2022-08-02T08:57:27","date_gmt":"2022-08-02T06:57:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/?page_id=63697"},"modified":"2022-08-02T08:57:27","modified_gmt":"2022-08-02T06:57:27","slug":"intellectual-property-protection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Intellectual Property Protection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-container ugb-container ugb-8dda971 ugb-container--v2 ugb-container--design-plain ugb-main-block\"><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-container__wrapper ugb-8dda971-wrapper\"><div class=\"ugb-container__side\"><div class=\"ugb-container__content-wrapper ugb-8dda971-content-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns bs-news-page is-layout-flex wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bs-kontakt-photo is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/210\/2022\/07\/pexels-andrea-piacquadio-842554-1024x674.jpg\" alt=\"m\u0119\u017cczyzna z zamy\u015blon\u0105 min\u0105 siedzi przy laptopie \" class=\"wp-image-38317\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column bs-contact-right-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-bonasoft-modular-breadcrumbs-block\"><div class=\"bs_add_breadcrumb_trail\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-black-background-color has-black-color is-style-wide bs-border-kontakt\" \/>\n\n\n<h1 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700;\" class=\"bs-naglowek-podstrony wp-block-post-title\">Intellectual Property Protection<\/h1>\n\n\n<p><strong>Program:<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/bba-bachelor-of-business-and-administration-2\/\">Bachelor of Business and Administration (Specialisations: Business, Finance, Governance)<\/a><br><strong>ECTS:<\/strong> 2<br><strong>Lecturer:<\/strong> Dr. Monika Drela<br><strong>Email:<\/strong> <a href=\"mailto:monika.drela@uwr.edu.pl\">monika.drela@uwr.edu.pl<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Type:<\/strong> Compulsory<br><strong>Level:<\/strong> Elementary<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lecture<br>Number of hours:<\/strong> 2h X 10 weeks = 20 hours (1 semester)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ugb-container ugb-container bs-news-page-under ugb-f8694ce ugb-container--v2 ugb-container--design-plain ugb-main-block\"><div class=\"ugb-inner-block\"><div class=\"ugb-block-content\"><div class=\"ugb-container__wrapper ugb-f8694ce-wrapper\"><div class=\"ugb-container__side\"><div class=\"ugb-container__content-wrapper ugb-f8694ce-content-wrapper\">\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objective:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>IP law course is intended to introduce copyright law definitions and protection remedies. It begins with comparison of the Copyright System in common law and Author\u2019s Right System in continental Europe. This course covers the basics of copyright law, patents and trademarks in Europe and refers to International WIPO Conventions<br>Transnational cases and problems of protecting copyrights in Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The aim:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Student has knowledge of copyright law and author\u2019s rights protection law in Europe.<br>Student identifies the types of protected works and scope of copyright protection.<br>Student has basic knowledge of patents and trademarks protection in legal system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acquired knowledge:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Student learns the author\u2019s rights system in Europe.<br>Student learns the remedies within copyright protection law.<br>Student learns the basic legal definitions applied in IP law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acquired skills:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Student is able to define legal meaning of: work, fixation, creation, compilation,copies, phonorecords, audiovisual work, literary, pictorial, graphic work, patent, trademark.<br>Student can indentify international conventions regulating copyrights protection.<br>Student knows English legal names of copyright and patent law most important institutions and is able to present his opinion in legal language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Developed reflection:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Student can discuss the issues of copyright protection in Europe.<br>Student can identify international legal acts regulating copyright protection.<br>Student can identify the copyright protection problems when using Internet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Assessment:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>The final grade consists of: exam ( 70% ), class activity ( 10% ), student own work ( 20% ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contents:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>Introduction to Copyright Law system, definition of author and right holder.<br>comparison of the copyright system and author\u2019s right system \u2013 ghostwriting issues.<br>legal definition of work, fixation, carrier, creation, compilation,copies, phonorecords, audiovisual work, literary, pictorial, graphic work, derivative work.<br>neighbouring (related) rignts and definition of broadcasting.<br>Infringement of copyrights and scope of fair use.<br>duration and transfer of copyrights.<br>copyright protection in computer programs and Internet environment.<br>Patent overview \u2013 utility, novelty, priority.<br>Tademark overview.<br>International issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recommended reading:<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>International Copyright Law and Policy, S.v. Levinsky, Oxford University, Oxford, 2008.<br>Intellectual property : patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights, Willam Cornish and David LLewelyn, Sweet &amp; Maxwell, London, 2003.<br>Intellectual Property Law in Poland, P. Machnikowski, J. Balcarczyk, A. G\u00f3rnicz-Mulcahy, Wolters Kluwer Law &amp; Business, Alphen aan den Rijn, 2014.<br>European Copyright Law: A Commentary, M. Walter, S. v. Lewinsky, Oxford University, Oxford, 2010.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Program: Bachelor of Business and Administration (Specialisations: Business, Finance, Governance)ECTS: 2Lecturer: Dr. Monika DrelaEmail: monika.drela@uwr.edu.pl Type: CompulsoryLevel: Elementary LectureNumber of hours: 2h X 10 weeks = 20 hours (1 semester) Objective: IP law course is intended to introduce copyright law definitions and protection remedies. It begins with comparison of the Copyright System in common law [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":38317,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63697","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","menu-24x24":"","menu-36x36":"","menu-48x48":""},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"<p>Intellectual Property Protection Program: Bachelor of Business and Administration (Specialisations: Business, Finance, Governance)ECTS: 2Lecturer: Dr. Monika DrelaEmail: monika.drela@uwr.edu.pl Type: CompulsoryLevel: Elementary LectureNumber of hours: 2h X 10 weeks = 20 hours (1 semester) Objective: IP law course is intended to introduce copyright law definitions and protection remedies. It begins with comparison of the Copyright System in common law and Author\u2019s Right System in continental Europe. This course covers the basics of copyright law, patents and trademarks in Europe and refers to International WIPO ConventionsTransnational cases and problems of protecting copyrights in Internet. The aim: Student has knowledge of copyright law&hellip;<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"Uncategorized","author_info_v2":{"name":"mmatlinski","url":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/author\/mmatlinski\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Intellectual Property Protection - Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Intellectual Property Protection - Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Program: Bachelor of Business and Administration (Specialisations: Business, Finance, Governance)ECTS: 2Lecturer: Dr. Monika DrelaEmail: monika.drela@uwr.edu.pl Type: CompulsoryLevel: Elementary LectureNumber of hours: 2h X 10 weeks = 20 hours (1 semester) Objective: IP law course is intended to introduce copyright law definitions and protection remedies. It begins with comparison of the Copyright System in common law [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/\",\"name\":\"Intellectual Property Protection - Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-08-02T06:57:27+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"\",\"contentUrl\":\"\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Intellectual Property Protection\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/\",\"name\":\"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii\",\"description\":\"Kolejna witryna sieci \u201eUWR Witryny\u201d\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/210\/2025\/10\/UWr-logotyp-2025.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/210\/2025\/10\/UWr-logotyp-2025.png\",\"width\":764,\"height\":269,\"caption\":\"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Intellectual Property Protection - Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Intellectual Property Protection - Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii","og_description":"Program: Bachelor of Business and Administration (Specialisations: Business, Finance, Governance)ECTS: 2Lecturer: Dr. Monika DrelaEmail: monika.drela@uwr.edu.pl Type: CompulsoryLevel: Elementary LectureNumber of hours: 2h X 10 weeks = 20 hours (1 semester) Objective: IP law course is intended to introduce copyright law definitions and protection remedies. It begins with comparison of the Copyright System in common law [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/","og_site_name":"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/","url":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/","name":"Intellectual Property Protection - Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"","datePublished":"2022-08-02T06:57:27+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#primaryimage","url":"","contentUrl":""},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/intellectual-property-protection\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna","item":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Intellectual Property Protection"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#website","url":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/","name":"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii","description":"Kolejna witryna sieci \u201eUWR Witryny\u201d","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#organization","name":"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii","url":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/210\/2025\/10\/UWr-logotyp-2025.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/210\/2025\/10\/UWr-logotyp-2025.png","width":764,"height":269,"caption":"Wydzia\u0142 Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-04-11 20:52:18","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/63697\/"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page\/"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/20\/"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments\/?post=63697"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/63697\/revisions\/"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/?parent=63697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories\/?post=63697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prawo.uwr.edu.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags\/?post=63697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}